1970 Environmental Issues

A plant in Saltville, Va., that for decades dumped its calcium chloride effluent into the North Fork of the Holston River which flowed past the plant. In 1970 the company announced it could not meet the new Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) water pollution standards and would close the plant. Robert Alexander—Getty Images

Things were far different 45 years ago, when the Environmental Protection Agency began operations on Dec. 2, 1970. The agency was created by President Richard Nixon, a Republican who had made the environment one of his signature causes.

"The great question of the '70s is, " Nixon had said in his State of the Union address earlier that year, "Shall we surrender to our surroundings or shall we make our peace with nature and begin to make reparations for the damage we have done to our air, to our land and to our water?"

And, TIME pointed out shortly after, the nation's reaction, on both sides of the aisle, was a sigh of relief:

The environment may well be the gut issue that can unify a polarized nation in the 1970s. It may also divide people who are appalled by the mess from those who have adapted to it. No one knows how many Americans have lost all feeling for nature and the quality of life. Even so, the issue now attracts young and old, farmers, city dwellers and suburban housewives, scientists, industrialists and blue-collar workers. They know pollution well. It is as close as the water tap, the car-clogged streets and junk-filled landscape—their country's visible decay, America the Ugly.

That "visible decay" was key: pollution by the end of the 1960s was something you didn't have to be a scientist to see. Astronauts had reported observing smog from space. Rivers caught fire within view of large cities. In some places, the snow fell black. (Since then, many of the most noticeable kinds of pollution—air quality, for example—have improved, though invisible pollution still exists.) The first Earth Day was held, and polling showed that pollution was seen as the most serious problem facing American communities.

The establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency was a matter of consolidating 15 parts of five agencies that had previously been working–and often competing–on their own. As TIME explained, the hope was that a strong federal agency would make it so that environmental regulations were not state-by-state, a system that had previously left states fearful that enacting their own rules would make them lose business. The new EPA was well-funded at $1.4 billion—which, adjusted for inflation, is more than the EPA's 2015 budget.

Read more about environmentalism in 1970, here in the TIME Vault: Fighting to Save the Earth From Man